Speaking of the impact of the depressed cotton trade upon his fellow Southerners, Calhoun told Congress that: A number of contemporaries called it, "The second war for independence." Henry Clay and John Calhoun pushed a declaration of war through Congress, stressing the need to uphold American honor and independence. When the Embargo Act of 1807 failed to remedy the situation with the United Kingdom, with Britain refusing to rescind the Orders in Council (1807) and the French continuing their decrees, certain Democratic-Republicans known as war hawks felt compelled to persuade the United States government to declare war on the British. Many New Englanders opposed the conflict on political, economic, and religious grounds. Opposition to the War of 1812 was widespread in the United States, especially in New England. An engraving of Timothy Pitkin, the leader of the Federalist Party during the War of 1812.
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